فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق بشر اسلامی
پیاپی 25 (تابستان 1401)

International institutions with a long history in the history of the world have been able to play an effective role in the field of protecting and promoting human rights. Supporting human rights means supporting human achievements, consolidating and guaranteeing them, and promoting human rights and citizenship is another factor that seeks to create a higher level of human rights with the growth, development and expansion of this concept. By raising the question of what is the position of international institutions in the universality of human rights, this research has raised the hypothesis that international institutions have been able to use numerous practical methods and mechanisms as well as using the legal capacities available in the laws. domestic and international documents and regulations to take effective steps in the field of protecting and promoting human rights. The importance of this matter finds another meaning by looking at the record of the institutions and it is necessary to review the performance of these institutions and the comprehensive pathology of the movement of the institutions in the direction of protecting and promoting human rights, the government systems can activate the hidden capacity of the institutions and these institutions in the position to support and promote human rights.

One of the most important philosophical and political issues in the current decades is women’s rights, freedom, and gender equality, which has led to the emergence of various philosophical, political and social movements known as feminism. In this article, we examine and evaluate the views of a contemporary philosopher named Jonathan Wolf. In a discussion entitled "Individualism, Justice, and Feminism," Jonathan Wolff examines women’s rights and the views of some feminists on the concept of justice and its relationship to women’s rights. Criticizing feminists, Wolff seeks to provide an effective solution to women’s problems in various socio-political spheres by explaining the theory of "positive discrimination." This descriptive-analytical study aims to answer a key question: Will Wolff’s theory of positive discrimination solve women’s problems? In other words, this article examines Wolf’s theory - which is very much based on Rawls individualism and liberalism - and his critiques of feminists and attempts to evaluate his views. The results showed that the theory of positive discrimination that Wolff chose to defend the rights of women, often created other problems and the reason was the lack of attention to the innate nature (fitrah) of men and women and the natural status of the family.

Human rights is a concept that is as old as mankind itself and has been developed in a historical and gradual process and transition in different eras, but the meaning of the term human rights does not have an ancient history even in the tradition and thought of Western rights, which is called the origin of modern human rights. And until the French Revolution, wherever there was talk of human dignity, equality and justice, it was mentioned under the title of natural rights. Therefore, human rights are the result of a new attitude towards man and the world. This new attitude has led to different reactions; Some people evaluated this view as a way to liberate and progress human beings; and sought to consolidate its foundations. On the other hand, some described this view as the result of human deviation from the natural path of history, denied it and tried to preserve the values and traditions of the past. The representative of conservatism is Edmund Burke and the representative of traditionalism is Nasr.Traditionalists are among the most important critics of human rights. Their concern is to preserve the traditions and values that the modern world has risen to face. in all ages and centuries; These traditions have been honored and passed down from one generation to another, but in the new era, this process has undergone change and transformation.

Citizen rights, which are defined within the borders of a country and through membership in a political society, are determined based on the cultural, political, and economic requirements of a country. Humans are educated in different ways from birth, and education is the cornerstone of creating, maintaining and progressing all human societies. The present research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the place of citizenship education in the fundamental transformation of education and the UNESCO 2030 document and its alignment with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Declaration of Islamic Human Rights. In this research, the qualitative content analysis method is used and the statistical population of the research includes the Fundamental Transformation of Education, the UNESCO 2030 Education Document, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Declaration of Islamic Human Rights. The present study is of documentary type and its data is collected in a library-documentary way. The validity of the research has been done through studying and using the appropriate tools for taking receipts, tables and forms, recording and maintaining them, and finally classifying and exploiting them. The result of the research shows that in a comparative analysis, the Islamic Declaration of Human Rights lacks some basic components that are present in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On the other hand, the fundamental transformation document of Iran's education, which is one of the most important educational policy documents in Iran, lacks some components and indicators related to citizenship education.

The origin and concept of human rights is one of the most controversial issues in the philosophy of law, on which the schools have deeply imposed inconsistency. Therefore, the present study utilizes a descriptive-analytical view to examine the viewpoints of some theorists of natural laws and positivism schools to show how the mentioned philosophical-legal discourse has given a new form to the relationship between human rights and politics through institutionalizing a conception of law as manifestation of fundamental rights. The resources were collected through library method. In this regard, the main research question is “what are the effects and consequences of this historical dispute in the interactions of the two rightful concepts of “government” and “citizen”? The results show that naturalists consider human nature or the rulings of the "natural god” as the origin of the creation and imposition of these rights. On contrary, the positivists believe that moral values created in this way cannot establish a fair order of rights. Therefore, they do consider human rights just as a legal system dependent on a certain society. This is an intellectual controversy that eventually led to issuance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights after World War II, in a form inspired by the positivist legal order and with a nature as of human rights.

The United States of America has always imposed many sanctions on the Islamic Republic of Iran after the revolution. These sanctions, with whatever goals they have, cause a clear violation of the basic values and principles of human rights and directly and indirectly violate the right to life, the right to work, the right to education, the right to development, etc. They strongly affect. The research method is a descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting information is library and document type. In this research, the unilateral sanctions of the United States of America against the Islamic Republic of Iran will be examined with the aim of understanding their role in the violation of the right to development. Based on this, the question arises that "what effect has the sanctions of the United States of America against the Islamic Republic of Iran had on the right to development in Iran?" According to the investigations of this research, its findings show that the sanctions of the United States of America, while directly targeting the Iranian people, have severely violated their fundamental rights, including the right to development in Iran.